[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”3.22.7″ custom_padding=”||5px|||”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”3.25″][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”3.27.4″]<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ specialty=”on” _builder_version=”3.22.3″ custom_padding=”24px|0px|25px|0px|false|false”][et_pb_column type=”3_4″ specialty_columns=”3″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_row_inner _builder_version=”3.25″][et_pb_column_inner saved_specialty_column_type=”3_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_blurb title=”Editoral in Hungarian ” url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/szerklevel%20frecskapdf” url_new_window=”on” image=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/pdf.png” icon_placement=”left” image_max_width=”105%” content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”17px” header_line_height=”1.3em” body_font=”||on||||||” body_line_height=”1.3em” link_option_url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/szerklevel frecskapdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on”]<\/p>\n
Ede\u00a0 Frecska and M\u00f3r\u00e9 E. Csaba<\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=”Abstract” closed_toggle_text_color=”#000000″ closed_toggle_background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” icon_color=”#0c71c3″ _builder_version=”3.22.7″ title_font=”|600|||||||” title_letter_spacing=”1px” text_orientation=”justified” custom_padding=”0px||10px” border_width_all=”0px” border_width_bottom=”1px”]<\/p>\n
\u00d6tven \u00e9ven \u00e1t tart\u00f3 lend\u00fcletes progresszi\u00f3t tudhat maga m\u00f6g\u00f6tt a pszichofarmakol\u00f3gia. Felfedez\u00e9sei alapjaiban alak\u00edtott\u00e1k \u00e1t a pszichi\u00e1tria elm\u00e9let\u00e9t \u00e9s gyakorlat\u00e1t, \u00e9s sokat lend\u00edtettek az idegtudom\u00e1nyok fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9n is. Az ut\u00f3bbi \u00e9vben azonban olyan jelek mutatkoznak szakm\u00e1nkban, amelyek arra \u00f6szt\u00f6k\u00e9lnek benn\u00fcnket, hogy n\u00e9zz\u00fcnk szembe az elm\u00falt f\u00e9l \u00e9vsz\u00e1zad tanuls\u00e1gaival, \u00e9s vegy\u00fck fontol\u00f3ra azt, hogy hogyan legyen tov\u00e1bb.<\/p>\n
Kezdetek \u00f3ta hangoztatott kifog\u00e1s a pszichi\u00e1triai praxis kemik\u00e1l\u00e1z\u00e1sa. Az SSRI-k elterjedt alkalmaz\u00e1s\u00e1t k\u00f6vet\u0151en t\u00e1rsult ehhez az a v\u00e1d, miszerint ipari nyom\u00e1sra a pszichi\u00e1ter diagn\u00f3zisokat gy\u00e1rt, norm\u00e1lis viselked\u00e9seket patologiz\u00e1l. Megfigyelhet\u0151, hogy az ilyen v\u00e1dak legink\u00e1bb \u201ek\u00edv\u00fclr\u0151l\u201d, legjobb esetben a szakma perif\u00e9ri\u00e1j\u00e1r\u00f3l j\u00f6nnek, \u00e9s a pszichi\u00e1terek z\u00f6m\u00e9nek inkompetenci\u00e1j\u00e1t felt\u00e9telezik (\u00e9rtsd: a Nagy Farma gy\u00e1rtja a diagn\u00f3zisokat \u00e9s nem a klinikusok). Ism\u00e9telten \u00e1ll el\u0151 az a helyzet, hogy a pszichi\u00e1tri\u00e1t a k\u00edv\u00fcl\u00e1ll\u00f3k tudj\u00e1k jobban, \u00e9s mintegy \u201ebesz\u00f3lnak a p\u00e1ly\u00e1ra\u201d. K\u00e9ts\u00e9gk\u00edv\u00fcl, ahol van pressz\u00fara, ott van tendencia az elhajl\u00e1sra, de nem szabad t\u00fal\u00e1ltal\u00e1nos\u00edtani, mert szakm\u00e1nk sem nem puha f\u00e9m, sem nem l\u00e1gy agyag, hanem eg\u00e9szs\u00e9ges adapt\u00e1ci\u00f3ra k\u00e9pes \u201c\u00e9l\u0151 k\u00f6zeg\u201d. Minden szakm\u00e1ban, minden magas poz\u00edci\u00f3ban tal\u00e1lni befoly\u00e1solhat\u00f3, megv\u00e1s\u00e1rolhat\u00f3 k\u00e9pvisel\u0151ket, a pszichi\u00e1tria nem k\u00fcl\u00f6nb, nem is rosszabb. Legfeljebb az\u00e9rt vet\u00fclhet r\u00e1 t\u00f6bb \u00e1rny\u00e9k, mert l\u00e9nyeg\u00e9b\u0151l fakad\u00f3an (elv\u00e9gre a Term\u00e9szet legkomplexebb \u201ejelens\u00e9g\u00e9vel\u201d foglalkozik) \u00f6nbizonytalanabb az orvostudom\u00e1ny t\u00f6bbi \u00e1g\u00e1hoz k\u00e9pest.<\/p>\n
Ezek a nem elhanyagolhat\u00f3 gondok az elm\u00falt \u00e9vben m\u00e1s ir\u00e1nyb\u00f3l fokoz\u00f3dtak. A gy\u00f3gyszeripar pszichofarmakol\u00f3gi\u00e1val foglalkoz\u00f3 \u00e1g\u00e1ban nemr\u00e9g figyelemre m\u00e9lt\u00f3 \u00e9s aggaszt\u00f3 v\u00e1ltoz\u00e1s t\u00f6rt\u00e9nt.\u00a0
Az eml\u00edt\u00e9sre ker\u00fcl\u0151 eset f\u00fcggetlen a magyarorsz\u00e1gi gy\u00f3gyszerpolitik\u00e1t\u00f3l, b\u00e1r ez ink\u00e1bb r\u00e1ad\u00e1s, \u00e9s nem jav\u00edt a vil\u00e1gpiacon kialakul\u00f3ban lev\u0151 helyzeten. Arr\u00f3l van sz\u00f3, hogy k\u00e9t ipari vil\u00e1gklasszis, az AstraZeneca\u00a0
\u00e9s a GlaxoSmithKline drasztikusan cs\u00f6kkentette r\u00e9szv\u00e9tel\u00e9t az \u00faj pszichofarmakonok fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9ben \u00e9s t\u00f6bb nagy c\u00e9g is hasonl\u00f3 strukt\u00farav\u00e1lt\u00e1st tervez. Ezeken a has\u00e1bokon megjelent szerkeszt\u0151i lev\u00e9lben \u201eSe vel\u00fck, se n\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00fck\u2026\u201d c\u00edmen \u00edrtunk kor\u00e1bban a gy\u00f3gyszeripar \u00e9s a klinikai pszichofarmakol\u00f3gia viszony\u00e1r\u00f3l (NPH 6:61-62, 2004). Az eml\u00edtett kett\u0151ss\u00e9gb\u0151l most ink\u00e1bb a \u201en\u00e9lk\u00fcl\u00fck\u201d-kel kell szemben\u00e9zn\u00fcnk. Ez j\u00f3 h\u00edr lehet az antipszichi\u00e1tria h\u00edveinek, de nem b\u00edztat\u00f3 a ment\u00e1lis zavarban szenved\u0151k \u00e9s csal\u00e1dtagjaik, valamint gondvisel\u0151ik sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. Egyik oldalon igaz ugyan, hogy a jelenlegi gy\u00f3gyszerek sok k\u00edv\u00e1nnival\u00f3t vonnak maguk ut\u00e1n, \u00e9s az \u00faj szerek kifejleszt\u00e9se k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyes is, k\u00f6lts\u00e9ges is, de ezekre a probl\u00e9m\u00e1kra konstrukt\u00edv hozz\u00e1\u00e1ll\u00e1s sz\u00fcks\u00e9ges v\u00e1lasz gyan\u00e1nt.<\/p>\n
\u201eA legnagyobb probl\u00e9ma m\u00e9gsem a k\u00e9t nagy c\u00e9g kivonul\u00e1sa\u201d \u2013 mondja Thomas Insel. \u201eInk\u00e1bb az, ami a gy\u00f3gyszerfejleszt\u00e9s ter\u00e9n t\u00f6rt\u00e9nik. Kev\u00e9s az \u00faj molekula, kev\u00e9s az \u00faj \u00f6tlet, \u00edgy a rem\u00e9ny is kev\u00e9s a ment\u00e1lis probl\u00e9m\u00e1k eredm\u00e9nyesebb kezel\u00e9s\u00e9re.\u201d David Nutt \u00e9s Guy Goodwin a helyzetet ismertetve kiemelte, hogy a medicina t\u00f6bbi \u00e1g\u00e1hoz k\u00e9pest a pszichi\u00e1tri\u00e1ban alkalmazott szerek kifejleszt\u00e9se j\u00f3val kock\u00e1zatosabb a gy\u00f3gyszeripar sz\u00e1m\u00e1ra. T\u00f6bb ok\u00e1t l\u00e1tj\u00e1k ennek. Az egyik a pszichi\u00e1triai m\u00e9r\u0151sk\u00e1l\u00e1k szubjektivit\u00e1sa, nagyobb vari\u00e1bilit\u00e1sa, szemben a szomatikus \u00e1llapotok mutat\u00f3inak jobb objektiv\u00e1lhat\u00f3s\u00e1g\u00e1val. A m\u00e1sik t\u00e9nyez\u0151 az \u00e1llatmodellek koncepci\u00f3s bizonytalans\u00e1ga. David Sheehan szerint a pontoz\u00f3sk\u00e1l\u00e1k nagy interrater \u00e9s vizsg\u00e1l\u00f3hely k\u00f6z\u00f6tti varianci\u00e1ja jelent\u0151s rizik\u00f3faktora a klinikai pszichofarmakol\u00f3gia II. \u00e9s III. f\u00e1zis\u00fa vizsg\u00e1latainak. Megold\u00e1sk\u00e9nt az \u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9sek k\u00f6zpontos\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t szorgalmazza.<\/p>\n
Az ipari \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u00e9s cs\u00f6kken\u00e9s\u00e9t s\u00falyosb\u00edtja az a t\u00e9ny, hogy a j\u00f3t\u00e9konys\u00e1gi szervezetek j\u00f3val kevesebbet adom\u00e1nyoznak a ment\u00e1lis zavarok kezel\u00e9s\u00e9nek kutat\u00e1s\u00e1ra, mint a daganatos betegs\u00e9gek vagy a HIV fert\u0151z\u00e9s vizsg\u00e1lataira. T\u00f6bb k\u00edv\u00fclr\u0151l j\u00f6v\u0151 t\u00e1mogat\u00e1sra \u00e9s innov\u00e1ci\u00f3ra lenne sz\u00fcks\u00e9g. Ennek akad\u00e1lya lehet a pszichi\u00e1tria marginaliz\u00e1l\u00e1sa \u00e9s betegeinek stigmatiz\u00e1ci\u00f3ja. Az ipar \u00e1ltal szponzor\u00e1lt \u00e9s klinikai vizsg\u00e1l\u00f3k \u00e1ltal kezdem\u00e9nyezett kutat\u00e1sok k\u00f6z\u00f6tti eg\u00e9szs\u00e9ges egyens\u00falyra mindig is sz\u00fcks\u00e9g volt \u00e9s az ig\u00e9ny tov\u00e1bbra is fenn\u00e1ll. \u00cdgy lehetne minimaliz\u00e1lni a \u2019me, too\u2019 hasonm\u00e1s szerekre orient\u00e1lt kutat\u00e1sokat \u00e9s azt k\u00f6vet\u0151 marketing d\u00f6mpinget. Ellenben, a szakm\u00e1b\u00f3l indul\u00f3 innov\u00e1ci\u00f3s t\u00f6rekv\u00e9seket \u2013 amelyek kiv\u00e9tel n\u00e9lk\u00fcl ott voltak a kezdeti nagy felfedez\u00e9sekkor \u2013 szab\u00e1lyoz\u00f3k nehez\u00edtik. Ilyen pl. t\u00falreag\u00e1l\u00e1s az off-label alkalmaz\u00e1sok ellen, vagy a helyi etikai bizotts\u00e1gok h\u00e1tt\u00e9rbe szor\u00edt\u00e1sa \u2013 egyik sem idegen a hazai viszonyok k\u00f6z\u00f6tt. A n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi hat\u00f3anyagot tartalmaz\u00f3 k\u00e9sz\u00edtm\u00e9nyek \u00fajkelet\u0171 uni\u00f3s szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1sa a t\u0151keer\u0151s ipari c\u00e9geknek kedvez, amelyek jelent\u0151s k\u00e9pvisel\u0151i \u00e9ppen kivonul\u00f3ban vannak. Ha az ipari megk\u00f6zel\u00edt\u00e9sek cs\u00f6kken\u00e9s\u00e9re kell sz\u00e1m\u00edtanunk, akkor tal\u00e1n ne z\u00e1rjunk jobban az alternat\u00edv ir\u00e1nyok fel\u00e9!<\/p>\n
Az \u00e9rdekl\u0151d\u00e9s lanyhul\u00e1sa m\u00e1r a tudom\u00e1nyos tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9gben is megmutatkozik. Az elm\u00falt \u00e9vben a British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology mind\u00f6ssze \u00f6t publik\u00e1ci\u00f3t k\u00f6z\u00f6lt a klinikai pszichofarmakol\u00f3gia ter\u00fclet\u00e9n \u00e9s egyik k\u00f6zlem\u00e9ny sem \u00faj farmakon kipr\u00f3b\u00e1l\u00e1s\u00e1val foglalkozott. Az American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2011. \u00e9vi konferenci\u00e1j\u00e1nak 300 k\u00f6zlem\u00e9ny\u00e9b\u0151l csak 13-nak volt pszichofarmakol\u00f3giai vonatkoz\u00e1sa \u00e9s szint\u00e9n egyik sem sz\u00f3lt \u00faj farmakonr\u00f3l. A Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum konferenci\u00e1j\u00e1n 2010-ben 870 prezent\u00e1ci\u00f3b\u00f3l nyolc volt pszichofarmakol\u00f3giai h\u00e1tter\u0171, \u00e9s abb\u00f3l n\u00e9gy t\u00e1rgyalt \u00faj hat\u00e1smechanizmust.<\/p>\n
Kiutat keresni t\u00f6bb ir\u00e1nyb\u00f3l \u00e9rdemes. \u00daj pszichi\u00e1triai m\u00e9r\u0151sk\u00e1l\u00e1k sz\u00fcks\u00e9gesek. Az interj\u00fak pontoz\u00e1sa megb\u00edzhat\u00f3bb lenne, ha videofelv\u00e9telek k\u00f6zponti ki\u00e9rt\u00e9kel\u00e9s\u00e9n alapulna (ahogy a laborat\u00f3riumi m\u00e9r\u00e9seket \u00e9s az EKG-\u00e9k elemz\u00e9s\u00e9t is k\u00f6zpontos\u00edtott\u00e1k m\u00e1r). Az European College of Neuropsychopharmacology egy nemzetk\u00f6zi drogbank l\u00e9trehoz\u00e1s\u00e1t szorgalmazza. Azok a c\u00e9gek, amelyek lemondanak egy szer tov\u00e1bbi fejleszt\u00e9s\u00e9r\u0151l, azt a bankon kereszt\u00fcl a kutat\u00f3k rendelkez\u00e9s\u00e9re bocs\u00e1thatj\u00e1k. Tov\u00e1bb\u00e1 a n\u00e9pi gy\u00f3gy\u00e1szat, az etnofarmakol\u00f3gia \u00e9s alternat\u00edv medicina inform\u00e1ci\u00f3s b\u00e1zis\u00e1t nem ignor\u00e1lni kell, hanem c\u00e9lzott vizsg\u00e1latok t\u00e1rgy\u00e1v\u00e1 tenni; gyakorlat\u00e1nak csak a vadhajt\u00e1saival szemben kellene fell\u00e9pni, \u00e9s nem az eg\u00e9sz jelens\u00e9get exkommunik\u00e1lni. Az integrat\u00edv t\u00f6rekv\u00e9sek \u00e9s a diverzit\u00e1s-faktor n\u00f6vel\u00e9se m\u00f6g\u00f6tt van az igazi evol\u00faci\u00f3s potenci\u00e1l.<\/p>\n
Nincs a gy\u00f3gyszerfel\u00edr\u00e1snak \u00e9s -szed\u00e9snek adekv\u00e1t, realiz\u00e1lt kult\u00far\u00e1ja. A farmakoterapeut\u00e1nak volna mit tanulnia a pszichoterapeut\u00e1t\u00f3l. Ami a gy\u00f3gyszerszed\u00e9st illeti, annak nem is volt kiforrott kult\u00far\u00e1ja, amennyiben csak a pszichofarmakol\u00f3gia t\u00f6rt\u00e9net\u00e9re f\u00f3kusz\u00e1lunk. Nem sokat t\u00f6r\u0151d\u00fcnk azzal (sem a beteg, sem az orvos) hogy p\u00e1cienseink milyen k\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00e9nyek k\u00f6z\u00f6tt, milyen hozz\u00e1\u00e1ll\u00e1ssal szedik gy\u00f3gyszereiket. Pedig a set \u00e9s setting minden pszichofarmakon eset\u00e9ben fontos t\u00e9nyez\u0151. A term\u00e9szeti n\u00e9pek ezzel ink\u00e1bb tiszt\u00e1ban vannak, \u00e9s medicin\u00e1ikra nagy reverenci\u00e1val tekintenek, mintegy szakramentumk\u00e9nt (m\u00e9gsem csodaszerk\u00e9nt) kezelik azokat. A placebohat\u00e1s mellett van nocebo hat\u00e1s is. A pszichotrop szerek szed\u00e9se stigma, s\u0151t egyre publikusabb a vel\u00fck szemben t\u00e1masztott k\u00e9tely (ma m\u00e1r a \u201esv\u00e1jci\u201d sem csoda). Tal\u00e1n ez \u00e1ll a \u201enagy \u00f6regek\u201d azon megfigyel\u00e9seinek h\u00e1tter\u00e9ben, miszerint r\u00e9gebben a gy\u00f3gyszerek mintha jobban hatottak volna\u2026<\/p>\n
\u201eAz \u00f6reged\u00e9s etapokban j\u00f6n\u201d \u2013 tartja a sz\u00f3l\u00e1s-mond\u00e1s. Nos, a meg\u00fajul\u00e1snak nem \u00edgy kellene, hanem folyamatosan. \u00c1m ha csak etapokban j\u00f6n, tal\u00e1n az se baj, csak j\u00f6jj\u00f6n v\u00e9gre.<\/p>\n
Frecska Ede \u00e9s M\u00f3r\u00e9 E. Csaba<\/p>\n<\/div>\n
[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_blurb title=”Clinical characteristics of cannabis-induced schizophrenia spectrum disorder” url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/makkos.pdf” url_new_window=”on” image=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/pdf.png” icon_placement=”left” image_max_width=”105%” content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”17px” header_line_height=”1.3em” body_font=”||on||||||” body_line_height=”1.3em” link_option_url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/makkos.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on”]<\/p>\n
Zolt\u00e1n Makkos , Lilla Fejes , Gabriella Incz\u00e9dy-Farkas , \u00c1kos Kassai-Farkas , G\u00e1bor Faludi and Judit Laz\u00e1ry <\/p>\n
[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=”Abstract” closed_toggle_text_color=”#000000″ closed_toggle_background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” icon_color=”#0c71c3″ _builder_version=”4.6.6″ title_font=”|600|||||||” title_letter_spacing=”1px” text_orientation=”justified” custom_padding=”0px||10px” border_width_all=”0px” border_width_bottom=”1px”]<\/p>\n
Marijuana (cannabis) is the most commonly abused drug by adolescents and young adults and
also by people with schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders. An increasing number of studies
suggest that regular cannabis users can show psychotic episodes similar to schizophrenic
disorders but it still unclear if cannabis induced psychotic disorder is a distinct entity requiring
special therapy or regular cannabis use consequently leads to schizophrenia. Therefore,
we retrospectively compared psychotic patients with and without cannabis use by clinical
profile. Clinical data of 85 patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder were analyzed
retrospectively. Cannabis use was not reported by 43 persons (Cnbs0subgroup) and 42
patients used regularly cannabis during at least 1 year (Cnbs1subgroup). Clinical data were
collected from electronic medical documentation of patients concerning anamnesis, family
history, socio-demographic condition, symptoms and psychiatric state, acute and long-term
therapies. Men were over-represented in the cannabis abuser group while mean age was
lower among them compared to the Cnbs0 subgroup. Prevalence of suicidal attempts was
increased in men without cannabis use. Patients without cannabis use spent more time in
hospital and smoking was more frequent among them. Positive and negative symptoms and
family history did not differ significantly between the two subgroups. Dosage, intensity and
length of pharmacotherapy was different between the two subgroups. These results revealed
that certain clinical aspects were different in case of cannabis-related schizophrenia spectrum
disorder compared to schizophrenia.<\/p>\n
(Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2011; 13(3): 127-138; doi: 10.5706\/nph201109001)<\/em><\/p>\n Keywords<\/strong>: cannabis, schizophrenia, pharmacotherapy<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_blurb title=”Genetic variability of the oxytocine receptor: an in silico study” url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/marx.pdf” url_new_window=”on” image=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/pdf.png” icon_placement=”left” image_max_width=”105%” content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”17px” header_line_height=”1.3em” body_font=”||on||||||” body_line_height=”1.3em” link_option_url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/marx.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on”]<\/p>\n P\u00e9ter Marx, \u00c1d\u00e1m Arany, Zsolt\u00a0<\/sup>R\u00f3nai, P\u00e9ter \u00a0Antal and M\u00e1ria\u00a0<\/sup>Sasv\u00e1ri-Sz\u00e9kely<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=”Abstract” closed_toggle_text_color=”#000000″ closed_toggle_background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” icon_color=”#0c71c3″ _builder_version=”3.22.7″ title_font=”|600|||||||” title_letter_spacing=”1px” text_orientation=”justified” custom_padding=”0px||10px” border_width_all=”0px” border_width_bottom=”1px”]<\/p>\n There is an ongoing extensive study on the polymorphisms of the oxytocine receptor (OXTR) (Neuropsychopharm Hung 2011; 13(3): 139-144; doi: 10.5706\/nph201109002)<\/em><\/p>\n Keywords<\/strong>: oxytocine, receptor, polymorphism, human, dog<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_blurb title=”Neurological symptoms in psychiatry” url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/salacz.pdf” url_new_window=”on” image=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/pdf.png” icon_placement=”left” image_max_width=”105%” content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”17px” header_line_height=”1.3em” body_font=”||on||||||” body_line_height=”1.3em” link_option_url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/salacz.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on”]<\/p>\n P\u00e1l Salacz, Zolt\u00e1n\u00a0 Hidasi and \u00c9va Csibri<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=”Abstract” closed_toggle_text_color=”#000000″ closed_toggle_background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” icon_color=”#0c71c3″ _builder_version=”3.22.7″ title_font=”|600|||||||” title_letter_spacing=”1px” text_orientation=”justified” custom_padding=”0px||10px” border_width_all=”0px” border_width_bottom=”1px”]<\/p>\n Certain psychiatric diseases have biological pathomechanisms, and as a result they are accompanied by various neurological symptoms. Neurological examination is a simple method (Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2011; 13(3): 145-151; doi: 10.5706\/nph201109003)<\/em><\/p>\n Keywords<\/strong>: neurological examination, soft signs, psychiatric illnes, schizophrenia, marker<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_blurb title=”The optimal combination of ECT with pharmacotherapy” url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/gazdag.pdf” url_new_window=”on” image=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/pdf.png” icon_placement=”left” image_max_width=”105%” content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”17px” header_line_height=”1.3em” body_font=”||on||||||” body_line_height=”1.3em” link_option_url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/gazdag.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on”]<\/p>\n G\u00e1bor\u00a0<\/sup>Gazdag, Roz\u00e1lia Tak\u00e1cs and Gabor S Ungvari<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=”Abstract” closed_toggle_text_color=”#000000″ closed_toggle_background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” icon_color=”#0c71c3″ _builder_version=”3.22.7″ title_font=”|600|||||||” title_letter_spacing=”1px” text_orientation=”justified” custom_padding=”0px||10px” border_width_all=”0px” border_width_bottom=”1px”]<\/p>\n The main indications for the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) \u2013 psychotropic drug combination (Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2011; 13(3): 153-161; doi: 10.5706\/nph201109004)<\/em><\/p>\n Keywords<\/strong>: electroconvulsive therapy, psychopharmacotherapy, interaction, efficacy<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_blurb title=”Cytoskeletal alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the \u201cskeleton\u201d of therapeutic hope?” url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/fodor.pdf” url_new_window=”on” image=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/pdf.png” icon_placement=”left” image_max_width=”105%” content_max_width=”1100px” _builder_version=”3.22.7″ header_font=”||||||||” header_font_size=”17px” header_line_height=”1.3em” body_font=”||on||||||” body_line_height=”1.3em” link_option_url=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/magazin\/pdf\/xiii-evfolyam-3-szam\/fodor.pdf” link_option_url_new_window=”on”]<\/p>\n Kl\u00e1ra Fodor Eszter, Magdolna P\u00e1k\u00e1ski, Petra\u00a0<\/sup>S\u00e1ntha, Zolt\u00e1n \u00a0Janka and J\u00e1nos K\u00e1lm\u00e1n<\/p>\n [\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_toggle title=”Abstract” closed_toggle_text_color=”#000000″ closed_toggle_background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” icon_color=”#0c71c3″ _builder_version=”3.22.7″ title_font=”|600|||||||” title_letter_spacing=”1px” text_orientation=”justified” custom_padding=”0px||10px” border_width_all=”0px” border_width_bottom=”1px”]<\/p>\n Damage to and functional alteration of structures responsible for synaptic plasticity correlate (Neuropsychopharmacol Hung 2011; 13(3): 163-171; doi: 10.5706\/nph201109005)<\/em><\/p>\n Keywords<\/strong>: Alzheimer\u2019s disease, cytoskeleton, synaptic plasticity, actin, cofilin, drebrin<\/p>\n<\/div>\n [\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column_inner][\/et_pb_row_inner][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_4″ _builder_version=”3.25″ custom_padding=”|||” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/mppt.hu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/cimlap-szeptember-2011.jpg” align_tablet=”center” align_phone=”” align_last_edited=”on|desktop” _builder_version=”3.23″ box_shadow_style=”preset3″][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" VOLUME 13, ISSUE 3, SEPTEMBER 2011Ede\u00a0 Frecska and M\u00f3r\u00e9 E. Csaba \u00d6tven \u00e9ven \u00e1t tart\u00f3 lend\u00fcletes progresszi\u00f3t tudhat maga m\u00f6g\u00f6tt a pszichofarmakol\u00f3gia. Felfedez\u00e9sei alapjaiban alak\u00edtott\u00e1k \u00e1t a pszichi\u00e1tria elm\u00e9let\u00e9t \u00e9s gyakorlat\u00e1t, \u00e9s sokat lend\u00edtettek az idegtudom\u00e1nyok fejl\u0151d\u00e9s\u00e9n is. Az ut\u00f3bbi \u00e9vben azonban olyan jelek mutatkoznak szakm\u00e1nkban, amelyek arra \u00f6szt\u00f6k\u00e9lnek benn\u00fcnket, hogy n\u00e9zz\u00fcnk szembe az elm\u00falt […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":48322,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"project_category":[64],"project_tag":[],"class_list":["post-49329","project","type-project","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","project_category-2011-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project\/49329","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/project"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49329"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project\/49329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49700,"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project\/49329\/revisions\/49700"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48322"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"project_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project_category?post=49329"},{"taxonomy":"project_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/mppt.hu\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project_tag?post=49329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
gene and their relation to certain psychological traits and psychiatric disorders, however the
results are contradictory. One of the sources of inconsistency could originate from the fact
that the OXTR gene contains more than 270 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) without
clarified molecular effect. Goals: The aim of this study was an in silico analysis of sequence
variations between the human and dog OXTR gene. Results: Comparative analysis of the
human and the dog OXTR amino acid sequence revealed that the most robust difference
between the two proteins is a five amino acid containing fragment which is present in the
human but absent in the dog receptor. In silico addition of this sequence to the dog receptor
resulted in a dramatic change in the conformation of the intracellular region. Conclusion: In
silico comparative analysis of OXTR gene variants among species and individuals might serve
as an important cue for predicting the functional effects of genetic variants.<\/p>\n
to assess these symptoms. Neurological signs come in two varieties; they are either of the
hard or the soft type. Hard symptoms appear primarily in organic psychiatric disorders or
as side effects of psychiatric therapy. They can also be encountered during neurological
diseases of psychiatric patients. Their use in diagnostics and therapy is widely accepted. In
contrast, soft neurological symptoms often stay unnoticed, even though they may contain
important pieces of information. For this reason they will form the focus of our discussion.
Soft neurological symptoms have been studied in different psychiatric disorder-groups. Up
to now most attention has been devoted to schizophrenia. The study suggests that the soft
symptoms are trait markers of schizophrenia. Furthermore they also signal disease activity
and predict the outcome of the disease. Neurological symptoms are also important pointers
for psychiatry. However, more systematic studies may increase the theoretical and practical
implications of soft symptoms.<\/p>\n
are pharmacotherapy-resistant, severe schizophrenic or affective psychoses. In such instances,
a careful evaluation of the possible interactions between ECT and psychotropic drugs should
precede the initiation of treatment in order to prevent adverse side effects. In this respect, the
issues to be considered include the impact of concomittant pharmacotherapy on the seizure
parameters of the ECT as well as the efficacy of the combined treatment relative to ECT or
pharmacotherapy administered alone. This paper reviews the current literature on the use of
benzodiazepines, mood stabilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics together with ECT with
the aim of providing recommendations for clinical practice.<\/p>\n
with memory loss and cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The results of recent research
in the pathomechanism of Alzheimer\u2019s disease emphasize the significance of cytoskeletal
changes. The changes in actin dynamics and its regulation by actin-binding proteins have been
proven in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, which may have a key role in the conformation and alteration of
synapses and dendritic spines. The most important proteins in the regulation of actin dynamics
are ADF\/cofilin, kinases and drebrin. In this review, we summarize the physiological functions
and complex regulation of these cytoskeletal proteins and their alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s
disease. Additionally, the effects of some psychopharmacons on the actin cytoskeleton and
cytoskeletal changes induced by stress are also summarized.<\/p>\n